Side effects from radiation therapy happen because radiation beams have to pass through normal, healthy cells and cause damage to them while treating the cancer. Although these normal cells will repair themselves in the long-run, in the short-run this damage causes side effects. Side effects usually begin by the second or third week of treatment and may last for several weeks after the final radiation treatment. In rare instances, serious side effects develop after radiation therapy is finished. Most side effects of radiation are related to the area being treated.
The most common side effect, regardless of the area treated, is fatigue. The fatigue your child may experience is usually not very severe, and children can often continue all or some of their normal daily activities. Another side effect is decreased blood counts. If a large enough area of bone marrow is treated, the production of blood cells can be decreased. The radiation oncologist will monitor your blood counts.
Skin changes are also common—radiation dermatitis. Treat the skin that is exposed to radiation with extra care. The skin in the area receiving treatment may become red and sensitive, similar to a sun burn. The radiation oncology nurse will review specific instructions for caring for your child’s skin with you. Some guidelines include:
- Clean the skin daily with warm water and a mild soap recommended by your nurse.
- Avoid using any lotions, perfumes, deodorants or powders in the treatment area unless approved by your doctor or nurse. Try not to use products containing alcohol and perfumes.
- Avoid putting anything hot or cold on the treated skin. This includes heating pads and ice packs.
- Stay out of the sun. If you must spend time outdoors, wear a hat or clothing to protect your skin. After treatment, use sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15.
Other side effects from radiation therapy happen in the part of the body through which the beam passes. Not all of these occur in every child; the severity of side effects also depends on the dose of radiation given (the number of treatments prescribed as necessary)
Brain
- Mild headache
- Nausea/vomiting
- Hair loss. Hair usually grows back 2-4 months after the treatment is completed; however the color and texture may be different.
- Ear pain/inflammation
- Skin changes
- Fatigue
Head and Neck
- Sore throat
- Mouth sores
- Difficult and painful swallowing
- Change in taste
- Dry mouth
- Hair loss (upper neck/low posterior scalp)
- Skin changes
- Fatigue
Chest
- Cough
- Shortness of breath
- Chest pain/discomfort
- Difficult and painful swallowing
- Skin changes
- Fatigue
Abdomen
- Nausea/vomiting
- Abdominal discomfort/cramping
- Difficulty eating
- Skin changes
- Fatigue
Pelvis
- Painful/frequent urination
- Loose stools/diarrhea
- Cramping
- Skin changes
- Fatigue
Extremities
Reviewed and edited by the CureSearch.org Medical Editorial Board October 2006